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{"id":918,"date":"2017-11-17T12:17:03","date_gmt":"2017-11-17T12:17:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/?page_id=918"},"modified":"2025-02-03T14:03:57","modified_gmt":"2025-02-03T14:03:57","slug":"summary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/summary\/","title":{"rendered":"Conference Videos and Report"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"918\" class=\"elementor elementor-918\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc8a025 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc8a025\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0970916\" data-id=\"0970916\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-078b371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"078b371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h1>Thinking through Uprootedness and Emplacement<\/h1><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b4cac9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b4cac9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-051bffd\" data-id=\"051bffd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-406b6f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"406b6f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/242938567?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fd24b31\" data-id=\"fd24b31\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77cb106 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"77cb106\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/243082592?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf5bc59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cf5bc59\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f72f59\" data-id=\"5f72f59\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-22464bb\" data-id=\"22464bb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e8ed8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e8ed8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong>&gt; <\/strong>\u201cBorders, Fences, Firewalls: Assessing the Changing Relationship of Territory and Institutions,\u201d Conference at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Department of Ethics, Law and Politics, October 19\u201320, 2017 | Library Hall at MPI-MMG, G\u00f6ttingen<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c096955 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c096955\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c6ed34b\" data-id=\"c6ed34b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-213b0ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"213b0ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A summary by Derek Denman<\/strong><\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-890 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0398-300x252.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0398-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0398-768x645.jpg 768w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0398-1024x860.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0398.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\u201cIsn\u2019t Macbeth\u2019s fate a great metaphor for the nation state \u2026 so many things, firmly believed \u2018earth-bound\u2019 \u2026 have become unfixed and uprooted?\u201d Stefan Schlegel\u2019s question in his introductory remarks was as much a frame for the conversation to come as it was a testament to the creativity that motivated the conference. Ayelet Shachar, Director of the Department of Ethics, Law and Politics of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity; Dana Schmalz, co-organizer and Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department; and Stefan Schlegel, co-organizer and also a Postdoctoral Research Fellow, opened the conference with insights into the spirit of inquiry that brought together seventeen panelists and two keynote speakers for a two-day interdisciplinary conversation on territory and institutions.<\/p><p>The conference arose from \u201ca weakness for big ideas\u201d and the desire to engage in thinking that was truly transformative, explained Ayelet Shachar in her opening remarks. The conference was inspired by the seeming contradiction of the proliferation of new boundaries\u2014state, private, and virtual\u2014at a moment when many proclaim the triumph of absolute mobility. How could these trajectories be reconciled? What are we to make of the \u201cmobility\u201d of the refugee, when that mobility often refers to displacement? These questions require the time and resources to formulate the right questions and speak across disciplines in pursuit of answers. They bring politics, law, technology, economic globalization, and social inequality into the discussion of territory and institutions. Ayelet Shachar credited the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity with the trust and freedom to nourish thorough and vigorous research in pursuit of nuanced answers to such complex questions.<\/p><p>Stefan Schlegel and Dana Schmalz expanded on the metaphor provided by Shakespeare\u2019s <em>Macbeth<\/em>. Reflecting on the prophecy that \u201chis kingship was secure until the great Birnam wood shall come against him,\u201d Stefan Schlegel suggested the nation-state today is in a condition similar to Macbeth\u2019s, unable to tell what is secured and what might begin to shift unexpectedly. Dana Schmalz also drew upon <em>Macbeth<\/em> to offer a cautionary note for studying territory and mobility. For Macbeth, the trees appeared to be moving, defying all he knew to be possible and natural. Yet when all was revealed, the trees were only the most familiar of enemies. Might the study of deterritorialized institutions encounter the same dilemma, finding seemingly new political phenomena are in fact different manifestations of familiar power relations? With that cautionary note in mind, the conversation was now officially underway.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc2f68a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc2f68a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd55c03\" data-id=\"cd55c03\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-681ffa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"681ffa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Traditional Legal Concepts of Territoriality under Pressure<\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e11ab6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e11ab6a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2cd6d2\" data-id=\"c2cd6d2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c880e9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c880e9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the opening panel, Catherine Br\u00f6lmann, Associate Professor of International Law at Universiteit van Amsterdam, examined current legal understandings of territory and framed the stakes of the conference in her presentation, \u201cTerritory in Late-Modern International Law.\u201d Applying an \u201cimmanent perspective\u201d to the study of international law, she took us inside the head of an international lawyer in order to unravel the discourse and practice of international law. Her conclusions highlighted the limitations of the predominant approach to territory in international law and offered new horizons for the exploration of the concept.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d28861\" data-id=\"0d28861\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff3cb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"dff3cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/243275425?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f3704d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f3704d7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-68c7569\" data-id=\"68c7569\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e8f307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e8f307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Expanding on the role of territory in international law, Gail Lythgoe\u2019s \u201cToward a New Theory of Territorial in International Law\u201d suggested that, in addition to the state, there are \u201cmore heterogeneous modalities of territory.\u201d As a foray into this larger field of territoriality, Lythgoe sought to develop the territorial dimensions of international organizations, entities often thought to be uprooted from territory. Her presentation pointed to the alternative ways in which international organizations exert political power related to place, thereby enacting their own unique form of territoriality. During the discussion, Lythgoe suggested that such an expanded notion of territoriality was also necessary to recover a space for those actors in global politics erased by colonial organization of space.<\/p><p>Finally, Oran Doyle\u2019s ambitious paper, \u201cThe Silent Constitution of Territory\u201d examined the definition of territory within constitutions. Doyle noted the general absence of references to territory in constitutions, though in some cases he found oblique references to the process of delineating territory, and, in rare cases, explicit attempts to define the boundary lines of a state. His presentation sparked a number of questions focused on the methodological difficulties of studying territory in constitutions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c968a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c968a3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff1524c\" data-id=\"ff1524c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba93b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba93b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Thinking through the <em>The<\/em> <em>Arc of Protection<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1f751b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b1f751b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c33ba59\" data-id=\"c33ba59\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85e1801 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85e1801\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alexander Aleinikoff, University Professor and Director of the Zolberg Institute on Migration and Mobility at the New School, delivered a keynote address that was equal parts pragmatic political engagement and inspiring moral vision. Drawing on work from his current book project, provisionally titled <em>The Arc of Protection<\/em>, Aleinikoff identified the fundamental contradictions of the international refugee protection regime, focusing on its denial of agency to refugees and the bargain it strikes with the existing order of state sovereignty. In particular, a \u201cnew liberal consensus,\u201d while partially responsive to the needs of refugees, imposes a \u201csecond exile\u201d in which refugees are excluded to a substantial degree from the society, economy, and political life of their host country.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb8e544\" data-id=\"bb8e544\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5b4fdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"a5b4fdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/243277170?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8925c68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8925c68\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11de4f7\" data-id=\"11de4f7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23e2354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23e2354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seeking to go beyond the new liberal consensus, Aleinikoff outlined principles of protection: safety, emplacement, solutions, mobility, and voice. These principles would strengthen the rights of refugees and allow for movement necessary to avoid a second exile. He offered an array of procedures and actions at different scales to realize these principles, including political organization of refugees as a constituent body able to exercise agency and voice on their own behalf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0ff8f95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0ff8f95\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91b6830\" data-id=\"91b6830\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-745f1ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"745f1ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>J\u00fcrgen Bast framed the discussion with a response to the keynote, which focused on the omission of human rights in principles of protection. Rather than emplacement, why not speak of economic, social, and cultural rights; rather than mobility, why not speak to a human right to free movement, and why not formulate human rights-based membership? Discussion from the audience further examined the proposed principles of protection, bringing the ideas of safety and emplacement under closer scrutiny. Alexander Aleinikoff admitted that emplacement had been the most difficult principle to formulate, but its inclusion provided an important sense of place in a protection regime. He responded to J\u00fcrgen Bast\u2019s challenges about human rights by suggesting that he wanted to go beyond rights and offer political solutions for the paradox of the refugee problem and that emplacement is both a legal and political project.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-16073aa\" data-id=\"16073aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc418d elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"cfc418d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/243273833?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5e9f1f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5e9f1f6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8b11bf\" data-id=\"c8b11bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6d116b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6d116b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Mobility and Marginalization<\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a03cb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0a03cb5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-317a7b1\" data-id=\"317a7b1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7de77a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7de77a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-904 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0446-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0446-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0446-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0446-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0446.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>The panel \u201cMobility and Marginalization\u201d considered the multiple processes, levels, and scales of inequality. In \u201cGlobal Social Inequality, Nationality, and Territorial Access: The Case of the Global Visa Regime,\u201d Lena Laube observed a bifurcation in the global distribution of mobility rights. Visas play a formative role in the \u201cglobal mobility divide,\u201d providing a legal avenue for discrimination against members of a national community. An examination of the visa freedom index revealed that it aligned closely with a map of GDP per capita, suggesting a strong correlation globally. Laube identified the secondary effects of visa policies which can influence the likelihood of migration and attempts to seek asylum.<\/p><p>Valentina Aronica\u2019s discussion of migratory governance in \u201cItaly, the Mediterranean as Political Space, and Implications for Maritime Migration Policy\u201d argued that Italy\u2019s alteration of its policies toward refugees crossing the Mediterranean displayed competing conceptions of sovereignty\u2014an understanding of sovereignty defined by security concerns, and a \u201chumanitarian sovereignty\u201d enacted in rescue operations.<\/p><p>Asking the question \u201cIs Immigration Detention a New Form of Territorial Border?\u201d Rottem Rosenberg Rubins drew on Gilles Deleuze\u2019s theory of \u201ccontrol societies\u201d to describe the management of populations and the delocalization of borders through the construction of detention centers. Rosenberg Rubins sees this process creating a \u201cspectrum of non-membership\u201d whereby a process of social exclusions steps in where physical exclusion is not permitted.<\/p><p>The discussion with the audience focused on the different forms of power identified in the presentations. Questions directed to Valentina Aronica sought to differentiate between specific state policies, which may be more or less hospitable to refugees, legal claims about state jurisdiction, and the institution of state sovereignty. Engagements with Lena Laube and Rottem Rosenberg Rubins considered their descriptions of complex configurations of power over mobility, asking how they account for these powers that are both global and local.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c6cec2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c6cec2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d450360\" data-id=\"d450360\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eda7ba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eda7ba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Technology Transforming Spaces of Mobility<\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb78028 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb78028\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-29f80c9\" data-id=\"29f80c9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8458cfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8458cfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-908 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0456-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0456-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0456-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0456-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0456.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>The panel \u201cTechnology Transforming Spaces of Mobility\u201d was united as much by the theme of the body, and the forces of labor and migration working upon it, as it was by an examination of technologies.<\/p><p>In \u201cThe Invisible Border \u2013 How Asylum Seekers and Beneficiaries of International Protection are Prevented from Moving Freely in the Schengen Area,\u201d Constantin Hruschka considered the array of technologies applied to the bodies of those moving through the Schengen area, the policies of associated states, and the challenges these create for EU asylum reform.<\/p><p>Turning to the perspective of those left behind by others who migrate, Elizer Jay de los Reyes examined the lives of young people within a labor diaspora in \u201cRed Spit, Broken Backs, and Abstract Pesos: New Mobilities and Youth Imaginations in a Transnationally-Linked Village in the Cordillera Mountains of Northern Phillipines.\u201d De Los Reyes\u2019s ethnographic work approached the way experiences of family are subsumed under economic narratives of a \u201cbetter life.\u201d De Los Reyes asked, when migrant work is valorized as \u201cglobal-orientedness\u201d and equated with progress, what message is sent to those who are \u201cleft behind?\u201d<\/p><p>Fabio Cristiano took us through the overlap of virtual spaces of play and physical spaces of occupation in \u201cAlong the Lines of Occupation: Playing at Diminished Reality in East Jerusalem.\u201d Following the 1949 Armistice Line within Pok\u00e9mon Go, Cristiano\u2019s <em>d\u00e9rive<\/em> explored the lines and voids represented and erased when augmented reality is overlaid on occupied territory.<\/p><p>The conversation between panelists and with the audience brought the significance of mobile labor, virtual spaces, and the specific technologies employed at borders into the conversation about migration and territoriality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f918bb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f918bb0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c1ba6\" data-id=\"d2c1ba6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbeb189 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbeb189\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Outlining <em>A Political Theory of Territory<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b8f5106 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b8f5106\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-59f1f12\" data-id=\"59f1f12\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88aef98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88aef98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Friday session commenced with Margaret Moore, Professor in the Political Studies department at Queen\u2019s University, presenting \u201cTerritory and Self-Determination,\u201d part of her 2015 book<em> A Political Theory of Territory<\/em>. Moore started from the premise that territory is a political concept, distinct from material land. Every theory of territory triangulates a relationship between land, people, and the state. Moore\u2019s theory offered a conception of this triangle that is normatively defensible and responsive to global ethical and political concerns. In particular, Moore suggested the territorial system is in need of such a defense if it is to endure the compelling philosophical challenges from cosmopolitan theorists and has to address the numerous practical challenges, including global climate change, inequalities of global capitalism, and failures to respond to refugee flows.<\/p><p>Moore clarified that by providing a defense of territory she does not aim to preserve the existing order of territorial states. Rather, she envisions a theory of territory able to respond to demands for global justice while remaining committed to self-determination. This system of territory embraces international law as its complement. International law and international institutions both arbitrate disputes over self-determination and respond to the \u201cexternalities\u201d of particular states.<\/p><p>During the discussion, the audience focused on Moore\u2019s criteria for self-determination. Ayelet Shachar asked how one goes about distinguishing between the cultural identity and political identity of a community. Gail Lythgoe pointed out problematic links between the criteria for the assessment of self-determination and histories of colonialism. Further questions sought to understand the implications for global ecology and responses to climate change enabled by Moore\u2019s theory of territory.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c215cce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c215cce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f66847b\" data-id=\"f66847b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f59dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f59dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Time and Territoriality<\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9b5a9dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9b5a9dd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c17486\" data-id=\"5c17486\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a8ae2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a8ae2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-910 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0462-229x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0462-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0462-768x1007.jpg 768w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0462-781x1024.jpg 781w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/IMG_0462.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 229px) 100vw, 229px\" \/>\u201cTime and Territoriality\u201d shifted the focus from a spatial understanding of territory to the temporal frames and boundaries that define belonging and membership. Opening with a history of the term \u201cdeadline,\u201d Elizabeth Cohen provided a thoughtful account of the boundaries in time that restrict movement in \u201cTemporal Boundaries, Political Power, and Free Movement.\u201d Cohen argued that political communities delineate between inside and outside not only by drawing spatial borders but also through the establishment of temporal boundaries. For instance, by overstaying a visa, one\u2019s legal status changes without ever changing geographic location. Cohen noted that the ways these boundaries are drawn have implications for democracy. Temporal boundaries set at a single moment are arbitrary, uncontestable, and therefore, anti-democratic. Temporal boundaries that repeat periodically, such as elections, enable democratic practice.<\/p><p>Andrew Bennett\u2019s \u201cWilderness as a Fundamental Concept of Law\u201d offered an alternative to the political theology of sovereignty provided by Carl Schmitt. Bennett finds in the biblical concept of \u201cdesert-wilderness\u201d a \u201cspace-time of sovereign contestation\u201d and a middle space between state of nature and sovereign exception. Rather than the law coming into being through the condition of sovereign exception, Bennett suggests that law is instead founded upon a gradual development from chaos over wilderness to a covenant between God and people. This understanding remains present in a \u201cromanticized account of how sovereign and people journeyed through the wilderness.\u201d<\/p><p>In \u201cThe Ontology of a \u2018Train to Nowhere\u2019\u201d Sharri Plonski critically examined the HaEmek railway as illustration of competing narratives. The train line would serve an important symbolic function, as a piece of what is deemed \u201ccritical infrastructure,\u201d while merely establishing a limited route from the sea to Israel\u2019s border with Jordan. Enabling the faster movement of goods in a space where the movement of people is highly limited, the train exhibits the contradictory condition of mobility.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8aea5cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8aea5cd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-86c53b7\" data-id=\"86c53b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bc63c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bc63c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Globalization and Stratification<\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6771dc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6771dc5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c1e6ec\" data-id=\"5c1e6ec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0add9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0add9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yossi Harpaz\u2019s presentation, \u201cBorder Crossing as Social Boundaries: When a Second Passsport Becomes a Status Symbol,\u201d resonated with earlier discussions of global social inequality. Harpaz theorizes \u201ccompensatory citizenship,\u201d the acquisition of dual citizenship in pursuit of greater geographic mobility and upward socio-economic mobility. Engaging in two studies of dual citizenship, the acquisition of Hungarian citizenship by Serbian citizens and \u201cEU citizenship\u201d (from any member state) by Israeli citizens, Harpaz examined the ways that compensatory citizenship shaped identity.<\/p><p>The following paper on the panel moved from hierarchy in the global order to hierarchies produced by globalization within states. In \u201cThe Impact of Globalization on the Protection of Minorities: The Cameroon Crisis,\u201d Marie Bourguignon and Ursil Lelo di Makungu described the conditions leading to the wave of strikes in Cameroon starting in October 2016. Approaching this series of strikes as both a political and linguistic crisis, they explored the internal and external pressures underlying them. The paper locates this linguistic crisis within a longer history of colonial rule and the imposition of the European model of the state. The colonial history of Cameroon, divided by French and British rule from the end of World War I to independence in the early 1960s, produced language policies that all but eliminated pre-colonial languages and marginalized the Anglophone minority. The presentation concluded with a discussion of political decentralization that would provide protections for cultural and linguistic minorities.<\/p><p>In the discussion, Ayelet Shachar asked Yossi Harpaz to clarify the ways in which race, gender, and age intersect with social inequalities of dual citizenship. Audience members also directed questions to Bourguignon and Lelo di Makungu about the role of religion in the crisis in Cameroon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-46a1708 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"46a1708\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d0bd508\" data-id=\"d0bd508\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09da814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09da814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>The Boundary Problem(s) in Governing and Describing Territory<\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b263a84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b263a84\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aebdc01\" data-id=\"aebdc01\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2766af4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2766af4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>How do we justify the authority of an immigration officer? Should democracy, citizenship, and territory remain linked? Where do we derive our language of boundaries? The final panel of the conference posed a series of questions that defined clear pathways for future research. Johan Rochel answered the first question in \u201cJustifying the Competence to Control Immigration,\u201d arguing that the immigration officer derives legitimate power from the need to administer the resources of a political community. This idea of administration differs from ownership. The immigration agent does not serve as the protector of resources. Rather, the immigration agent claims authority from the need to arrange and manage resources, including access to the job market, the availability of welfare mechanisms, and political membership. Multiple questions arose from the audience regarding the value of shared resources, produced collectively. If value arises from communities that cross state boundaries, does the authority of the immigration officer remain legitimate?<\/p><p>Anne Meine brought the conversation back to the initial theme of territory and institutions in \u201cDemocracy, Citizenship, and Territory \u2013 Preserving the Link?\u201d She identified three distinct spatial understandings of territory: container space, in which territorial boundaries are treated as politically neutral; social space, in which spatial structures reflect social structures; and place, in which territory is closely tied to identity. Arguing that contemporary notions of democracy and citizenship rest on the idea of territory either as container space or social space, Meine asked if we could achieve these functions of territorial spaces through other means. What would post-territorial citizenship and democracy look like and how could it be achieved?<\/p><p>In \u201cEthical, Epistemic and Geographic Boundaries\u201d P\u00e9ter Szigeti employed a historical and analytical approach to consider the relations between these three types of boundaries. Territoriality not only provides the foundation upon which rights claims stand; territorial metaphors provide the very language of law, justice, and rights. Territorial language defines the \u201clines,\u201d \u201careas,\u201d and \u201cmaps\u201d of politics and law. Szigeti concluded his presentation with a discussion of the emerging contradictions within territorial metaphors in ethics, suggesting that ethical language has overtaken geographic terms in the discussion of space.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d51b6a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d51b6a0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-381a0d1\" data-id=\"381a0d1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a5f471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a5f471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1034 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/11\/Gruppenfoto-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/11\/Gruppenfoto-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/11\/Gruppenfoto-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/11\/Gruppenfoto.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>By the conclusion of the conference it was clear that the understanding of territory is indeed undergoing fundamental changes. Concepts once closely related to territoriality\u2014sovereignty, citizenship, and democracy\u2014had been examined in detail, and compelling cases had been made for new concepts\u2014linguistic crises, temporal boundaries, and virtual spaces. Over the course of two days, the uprooting of territory had come into view, as had new horizons for thinking through the relations between territory and institutions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thinking through Uprootedness and Emplacement https:\/\/vimeo.com\/242938567https:\/\/vimeo.com\/243082592 &gt; \u201cBorders, Fences, Firewalls: Assessing the Changing Relationship of Territory and Institutions,\u201d Conference at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Department of Ethics, Law and Politics, October 19\u201320, 2017 | Library Hall at MPI-MMG, G\u00f6ttingen A summary by Derek Denman \u201cIsn\u2019t Macbeth\u2019s fate &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/summary\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Conference Videos and Report&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-918","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/918","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=918"}],"version-history":[{"count":62,"href":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/918\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1214,"href":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/918\/revisions\/1214"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/events.mmg.mpg.de\/borders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=918"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}